By Leonardo Rocco

This week, we're tackling one of the most common and frustrating hair issues: dandruff. As a professional stylist, I've heard all kinds of myths and tested countless treatments on clients over the years. Today, I want to share what really works—how to understand the root causes of dandruff, how to tell it apart from a dry scalp, and which remedies, both store-bought and homemade, can truly help you achieve a flake-free scalp.

What Really Causes Dandruff? Let’s Bust Some Myths
First, let’s clear something up: dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene. While a dirty scalp can worsen symptoms, the real culprit is usually a naturally occurring fungus called Malassezia. This microorganism can become imbalanced due to factors like excess scalp oil, hormonal changes, stress, or the use of harsh or unsuitable hair products. Environmental conditions also play a role—dandruff tends to worsen in cold, dry climates and can flare up in hot, humid weather due to sweat buildup.

Dandruff vs. Dry Scalp: How to Tell the Difference
It’s very common to confuse dandruff with dry scalp, but they’re not the same. In the salon, I always look for these key differences:

Dandruff: Large, white or yellowish flakes, often accompanied by an oily or inflamed scalp.
Dry Scalp: Smaller, finer flakes with tightness or itching, and hair that looks dull or dehydrated.

If flakes return quickly after washing your hair, it’s likely dandruff. If you feel tightness or irritation after using harsh shampoos, you’re likely dealing with dryness.

Effective Products and Natural Remedies
As a stylist, I believe in combining high-quality products with smart, practical home remedies. Here are the most effective options:

Anti-Dandruff Shampoos
This is the first and most important step in managing dandruff. Some reliable options include:

• Head & Shoulders: Great for mild to moderate cases, with zinc pyrithione to reduce flakes and calm irritation.

• Selsun Blue: Stronger, ideal for more severe dandruff, thanks to selenium sulfide.

• Nizoral: Contains ketoconazole, a powerful antifungal that targets Malassezia directly.

Use any of these 2–3 times per week, and alternate with a gentle, sulfate-free shampoo to prevent dryness.

Scalp Exfoliation
Just like your skin, your scalp benefits from regular exfoliation. Try this DIY treatment or look for a commercial product with calming, nourishing ingredients.

DIY scrub:
Mix 2 tablespoons of brown sugar with 1 tablespoon of coconut oil.
Massage gently into your scalp before shampooing, rinse thoroughly, and follow with your usual wash.

Commercial scrub:
Choose one that exfoliates without irritation, unclogs follicles, and contains natural oils like jojoba, argan, lavender, or sunflower to help balance oil production and soothe the scalp.

Balancing Oils
Essential oils can help restore the scalp's balance.

• Tea tree oil: Naturally antifungal and antibacterial, ideal for reducing flakes. Add a few drops to your shampoo or mix with a carrier oil like almond oil.

• Coconut oil: Hydrates and combats the fungus behind dandruff. Use as a weekly overnight mask.

Natural Rinses
A simple rinse can restore scalp balance and reduce flakes.

• Apple cider vinegar: Mix one part vinegar with two parts water and apply after shampooing. It helps control oil and rebalance the scalp's pH.

Long-Term Strategies for a Healthy Scalp
To keep dandruff under control, long-term habits are essential.

• Avoid product overload: Styling gels, sprays, and creams can build up and worsen dandruff. Use sparingly and rinse thoroughly.

• Maintain a consistent wash routine: You don’t need to wash daily, but avoid long gaps between washes to prevent excess sebum.

• Eat well: A balanced diet rich in zinc and B vitamins supports scalp health.

• Reduce stress: Dandruff can worsen with stress, so take time to relax through movement, meditation, or quality time with friends.

Dandruff is more common than you think—and more manageable, too. With the right shampoos, simple home care, and a consistent routine, you can restore your scalp and bring your hair back to its healthiest, most confident state.

Remember: a healthy scalp is the foundation of beautiful hair. Don’t let flakes define your look—act early, choose smart products, and trust in small, consistent changes that bring lasting results.